Subjective Question Answer Write short notes on the following a malware b phishing c active attack d vulnerability e cryptography

Malware (malicious software) are the software programs designed to damage or do other unwanted actions on a computer system. Some examples of malware include viruses, worms, trojan horses, and spyware. Malware can cause havoc on the computer hard drive by deleting files or directory information.
Phishing is an attempt of acquiring sensitive information, such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details, by hacker in an electronic communication.
Modification of messages being transmitted, capturing authentication sequences and obtaining extra privileges, creation of false messages etc. are a few active attacks. Active attacks are difficult to prevent because they require protection of all communication facilities and paths at all times. But one can detect and recover from the disruptions caused by them.
Vulnerabilities are weaknesses in a system or its design that allow an intruder to execute commands, access unauthorized data, and/ or conduct denial-of-service attacks.
Cryptography is technique of securing information and communications through use of codes so that only those person for whom the information is intended can understand it and process it. Thus preventing unauthorized access to information.

Write short notes on the following:(a) Malware(b) Phishing (c) Active Attack(d) Vulnerability(e) Cryptography